Grammatical Parsing & Sentence Analysis (Tarkeeb-e-Nahwi — ترکیبِ نحوی)
Source Reference: Textbook Page 129
Words in the examples
- کھلونا (khilonā) — toy
- میز (mez) — table
- مشکل (mushkil) — difficult
- سوال (sawāl) — question
- مسجد (masjid) — mosque
- بازار (bāzār) — market
1. What is Tarkeeb (ترکیب)?
In Urdu linguistics, ترکیبِ نحوی (Tarkeeb-e-Nahwi) — Syntactic Parsing is the comprehensive analytical process of breaking down a sentence into its constituent grammatical elements.
For each word in the sentence, Tarkeeb identifies:
- Part of Speech (Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Particle).
- Sub-classification (Proper/Common, Transitive/Intransitive, etc.).
- Gender (مذکر masculine or مؤنث feminine).
- Number (واحد singular or جمع plural).
- Grammatical Case & Syntactic Role (Subject, Direct Object, Possessor, Adverbial, Complement).
The worked examples move from a sentence with a form of “to be” to a past action with نے and a present action with adverbials. If the labels are new, start with the parts-of-speech overview.
2. Worked Analysis 1: Equational Copular Sentence
Sentence:
اشرف کا کھلونا میز پر ہے (Ashraf ka khilona mez par hai) "Ashraf's toy is on the table."
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
| Word | Grammatical Analysis in Urdu Script | Linguistic Explanation & Case |
|---|---|---|
| اشرف (Ashraf) | اسم معرفہ، مذکر، واحد، مضاف الیہ | Proper Noun, Masculine Singular, Possessor (Muzaaf Ilayh in Genitive construction). |
| کا (ka) | حرفِ اضافت | Genitive Postposition, inflected masculine singular to match the possessed toy (کھلونا). |
| کھلونا (khilona) | اسم نکرہ، مذکر، واحد، مضاف، مبتدا | Common Noun, Masculine Singular, Possessed item (Muzaaf), Subject (Mubtada). |
| میز (mez) | اسم نکرہ، مؤنث، واحد، مجرور | Common Noun, Feminine Singular, Oblique complement governed by پر. |
| پر (par) | حرفِ ظرف / حرفِ جار | Locative Postposition ("on / upon"). Together, میز پر forms the Adverbial Predicate Complement (متعلقِ خبر). |
| ہے (hai) | کلمہ ربط / فعل ناقص، واحد غائب حال | Copula / Defective Verb, 3rd Person Singular Present, linking Subject to Complement. |
3. Worked Analysis 2: Transitive Past Sentence with Ergative نے
Sentence:
اس نے ایک مشکل سوال پوچھا (Us ne ek mushkil sawaal poochha) "He / she asked a difficult question."
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
| Word | Grammatical Analysis in Urdu Script | Linguistic Explanation & Case |
|---|---|---|
| اس (us) | ضمیر غائب، واحد (مذکر/مؤنث)، حالتِ مغیرہ | 3rd Person Personal/Demonstrative Pronoun, Singular, Oblique Agent. |
| نے (ne) | علامتِ فاعل / حرفِ فاعلی | Ergative Postposition. Together, اس نے constitutes the Grammatical Agent (فاعل). |
| ایک (ek) | صفتِ عددی | Numerical Adjective modifying سوال ("one / a"). |
| مشکل (mushkil) | صفتِ مشبہ / صفتِ توصیفی | Qualitative Adjective modifying سوال ("difficult"). |
| سوال (sawaal) | اسم نکرہ، مذکر، واحد، مفعول بہ | Common Noun, Masculine Singular, Direct Object (Maf'ool Bihi) in Accusative case. |
| پوچھا (poochha) | فعل متعدی، ماضی مطلق، واحد غائب مذکر | Transitive Verb in Simple Past, agreeing in Masculine Singular with the direct object سوال. |
4. Worked Analysis 3: Intransitive Present Sentence with Adverbials
Sentence:
وہ مسجد سے بازار تک جاتا ہے (Woh masjid se bazaar tak jaata hai) "He goes from the mosque to the market."
Step-by-Step Breakdown:
| Word | Grammatical Analysis in Urdu Script | Linguistic Explanation & Case |
|---|---|---|
| وہ (woh) | ضمیر غائب، مذکر، واحد، فاعلی حالت (فاعل) | 3rd Person Personal Pronoun, Masculine Singular, Nominative Subject (فاعل). |
| مسجد (masjid) | اسم مکان، مؤنث، واحد، مجرور | Noun of Place, Feminine Singular, Oblique complement of سے. |
| سے (se) | حرفِ جار (مبدا) | Ablative Postposition ("from"). Together, مسجد سے forms the Adverbial of Origin (متعلق فعل مکانِ مبدا). |
| بازار (bazaar) | اسم مکان، مذکر، واحد، مجرور | Noun of Place, Masculine Singular, Oblique complement of تک. |
| تک (tak) | حرفِ غایت / حرفِ جار (انتہا) | Terminative Postposition ("up to / until"). Together, بازار تک forms the Adverbial of Destination (متعلق فعل مکانِ منتہی). |
| جاتا ہے (jaata hai) | فعل لازم، حال مطلق، واحد غائب مذکر | Intransitive Verb in Simple Present, agreeing with the Masculine Singular subject وہ. |